連詞
引導讓步狀語從句的連詞主要有以下這些：though,although,while,as; even if,even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑問詞，疑問詞-ever，regardless of+名詞/名詞短語/名詞從句，despite，in spite of。切記although，though 不可與but連用，但可以與yet連用。
用法
⑴though,although
表示“雖然，縱然”之意。
這兩個連詞意思大緻相同，在一般情況下可以互換使用。在口語中，though較常使用，although比though正式，二者都可與yet,still或never，the less連用，但不能與but連用。例如：
Although/Though he was exhausted,(still) he kept on working. 雖然他已經精疲力竭了，但仍然繼續工作。
Although/Though he is very old,(yet) he is quite strong. 他雖然年紀大了，身體還很健壯。
值得注意的是，although引導的讓步狀語從句位于主句之前的情況較多，though引導的讓步狀語從句可位于主句之前或主句之後。例如：
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她雖然不用功學習，考試卻及格了。
⑵as,though
表示“雖然……但是”，“縱使……”之意。
as引導的讓步狀語從句必須以部分倒裝的形式出現，被倒裝的部分可以是表語、狀語或動詞原形，though也可用于這樣的結構中，但although不可以這樣用。例如：
Object as you may,I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object,I’ll go.) 縱使你反對，我也要去。
Hard as/ though he works,he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard,he makes little progress.）盡管他學習很努力，但幾乎沒取得什麼進步。
Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.（=Though he was a child,he knew what was the right thing to do.）雖然他是一個孩子，但他知道該做什麼。
Fast as you read,you can’t finish the book so soon. 縱然你讀得快，你也不能這麼快讀完這本書。
Lover of towns as I am ,I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.盡管我愛城市，但我知道，以往的鄉村生活使我受益匪淺。
Small as atome are,they are made up of still smaller units.盡管原子很小，但它們由更小的單位構成。
由這一個複合連詞引導的讓步狀語從句旨在說明正反兩方面的可能性都不會影響主句的意向或結果，所以它的語氣是比較強烈的，從而也更加堅定了主句的内容。例如：
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.不管你忙不忙，都要參加這個典禮。
Whether you believe it or not,it's true.無論你是否相信，這都是真的。
Whether or not they win this battle,they won't win the war.不管他們是否能赢得這次戰役，他們絕不會赢得這場戰争
注意: a.句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。nnb.句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語後。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，随實義動詞一起放在主語之前。nn如：tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.=thoughhetrieshard,heneverseems...nn雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。n
⑶even if,even though
表示“即使……”，“縱使……”之意，含有一種假設。
這兩個複合連詞的意思基本相同。它們常互換使用，但意義有細微差别。even if引導的讓步從句含有強烈的假定性，可用來表示與事實相反的假設，但不能用來描述已經發生的事實。而even though引導讓步狀語從句時，是以從句的内容為先決條件的，即說話人肯定了從句的事實，表示已經發生了的事。例如：
We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好，我們也要作一次旅行。
Even if he is poor,she loves him. (=He may be poor,yet she loves him.）即使他很窮，但她還是愛他。
Even though he is poor,she loves him. (=He is poor,yet she loves him.）盡管他很窮，但她還是愛他。
⑷whether...or...
表示“不論是否……”，“不管是……還是……”之意。
even if 與even though 的區别：
1.even if 與even though 的區别 兩者均可用于引導讓步狀語從句，其細微區别是：
1. even if 引導的從句是往往是假設性的，相當于漢語的“即使”“縱然”“就算”“哪怕”。如：
They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即使你不成功，他們也會支持你。
Even if I have to walk all the way I’ll get there. 即使我得一路走着去，我也要走到那裡。
Even if it rains tomorrow, we won’t change our plan. 即使明天下雨，我們也決不改變計劃。
For my part, I plan to go to the party even if you decide not to go. 至于我，即使你決定不去參加晚會我也會去的。
Even if you saw him pick up the money, you can’t be sure he stole it. 就算你看見是他拾起的錢，你也不能肯定錢就是他偷的。
正因為even if從句的内容通常是假設性的，所以有時還可用于虛拟語氣；這樣用的even if 與單獨使用的if比較接近。如：
Even if he had the money, he wouldn’t buy it. 他即使有錢也不會買它。
I would have married her even if she had been penniless. 即使她身無分文，我也會和她結婚。
2. even though 引導的從句内容往往是真實的，主要用于引出不利用于主句情況的信息，相當于漢語的“盡管”“雖然”。如：
He went out even though it was raining. 盡管在下雨，他還是出去了。
Even though it’s hard work, I enjoy it. 雖然工作艱苦，我還是很喜歡。
He’s the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經驗最少，但教得最好。
Even though I didn’t know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 盡管這次聚會上我誰也不認識，我也玩得挺痛快。
這樣用的even though與though或although的意思比較接近，許多時候可以互換（注意：英語可以說though和even though，但不能說even although）。如：
Even though [Thought, Although] I felt sorry for him, l was secretly pleased tha t he was having difficulties. 雖然我為他感到惋惜，但對他的困難卻暗自高興。
Even though [Thought, Although] we all tried our best, we lost the game. 雖然我們已盡了最大的力量，但還是輸了。
3. 不過，在實際語言運用中，even if與even though有時也可不加區别地混用。如：
Even if [Even though] she laughs at him, he likes her. 盡管她嘲笑他，他還是很喜歡她。
We thoroughly understand each other, even if [even though] we don’t always agree. 我們彼此非常了解，雖然有時候也有一些分歧。
⑸“no matter+疑問詞”
或“疑問詞-ever”的含義為“……都……；不管……都……”
它們引導的讓步狀語從句可以互換。例如：
No matter what happened,he would not mind. (=Whatever happened,he would not mind.) 無論發生了什麼事情，他都不會介意的。
No matter who you are,you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are,you must keep the law. 不管你是誰，你都需要遵紀守法。
When anyone does something for you,no matter how samll and no matter whether he's a superior or servant,it's proper to say“Thank you”.隻要任何人替你做了一件事，不管事情多麼微不足道，也不管他是你的上司還是你的仆人，你都應該說聲“謝謝”
但“no matter+疑問詞”結構隻能引導讓步狀語從句，而“疑問詞-ever”還可以引導名詞性從句。例如：
Whatever (=No matter what) you say,I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引導讓步狀語句） 無論你說什麼，我都不會相信你。
I'll eat whatever （≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引導賓語從句）你給我吃什麼，我就吃什麼。
Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引導主語從句) 不管誰來都受到歡迎。
此外，有時while也可以引導讓步狀語從句，但一般要位于句首。例如：
While I like the colour,I don't like the shape.我雖然喜歡那顔色，但不喜歡那形狀。
綜上所述，學習讓步狀語從句的關鍵是關聯詞的選用；其次，要注意的是由as引導的讓步狀語從句要用倒裝語序。
讓步狀語從句表示：雖然，盡管，即使等概念，由although,though（盡管，即使），however（無論怎樣），whatever（無論什麼），whoever（無論誰），whomever（無論誰），whichever（無論哪個），whenever（無論何時），wherever（無論哪裡），whether（是否），no matter (who,what,where,when,etc) （無論……），even if（即使），even though（即使）等詞引導。
如：We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.我們就是失敗十次也不洩氣。
It was an exciting game,though / although no goals were scored.那是一場精彩的球賽，盡管一個球都沒進。（though,although不能與 but連用）
Whether you believe it or not,it’s true.不管你信不信，這是真的。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be,I’ll take it.無論它有多貴，我也要買下它。
Don’t let them in,whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他們是誰，别讓他們進來。
No matter what I say or how I say it,he always thinks I’m wrong.無論我說什麼或怎麼說，他總認為是我錯。
特别提醒
1. no matter
what（who，which，when，etc.）與whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever，etc.）的區别：
當引導讓步狀語從句時，兩者相同，可以互換，但當引導名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句）時則隻能用whatever（whoever，whichever，whenever，etc）。如上面最後兩個例句可改為：
However pure the water looks,I do not want to drink it.
I want to marry the man I love,no matter who he may be.
下面句子不能用no matter結構（no matter不能引導名詞性從句）：
Whoever comes back first is supposed to win the prize.（主語從句）
I am ready to do whatever you want me to .（賓語從句）
例證：
Whatever you did,I will accept.為讓步狀語從句.
I will accept whatever you did.為賓語從句.
2. as 引導讓步狀語從句的用法
引導讓步狀語從句時，as意為“雖然，盡管”，通常從句要倒裝，倒裝的方法是将從句的表語或狀語放在as之前，而用though引導讓步狀語從句時句字則不必倒裝（口語中也可倒裝）。
e.g. Heavily as it was raining outside,they started out very early.
Young as he is,he knows a lot=Though he is young 或Young though he is,he….
他雖然年輕，但懂得很多。（though 也有這種用法，可以替換as，但although沒有這種用法）
注意，名詞提句首時，不加冠詞：
e.g：teacher as he is,he likes Chinese very much(teacher 前不加a或the）。
though還可以用作副詞，放在句末。如：
It was hard work;; I enjoyed it,though=It was hard work,but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦，但是我喜歡幹。
3.用though/although,as 引導讓步狀語從句時，句中不能用but表示轉折語氣。
不能說：Though he looks weak,but he is healthy.
而要說：Though he looks weak,he is healthy.
或者說：He looks weak,but he is healthy.
我自己認為讓步就是存在一定條件下的說法.
4 . however 用作副詞，不可連接句子。
但可置于第二句的句首、句末或句中。要特别注意标點的使用。
eg: Alice is a good student．However,she has one shortcoming．愛麗絲是一個很好的學生，但她仍有缺點。He has not arrived. He may,however,come later. The composition is all right. There is room for improvement,however.
⒌ 除以上提到的從句連詞外表示讓步的介詞短語有despite,in spite of，後接名詞。eg. Despite all these facts,we cannot ignore the advantages of learning through internet.
though和although引導讓步狀語從句時，不可以與but連用。漢語中用"雖然……但是……”，但英語中隻用though，although或but即可。
although/though he is very old,he still works very hard.=（he is very old,he still works very hard）雖然他老了，但他仍然很努力地工作。不可說：although/though he is very old,but he still works very hard。
though和although可以與yet連用。此處yet雖與but同義，但它不是連詞，而是副詞。
though l knew the fact，yet l didnt say anything。盡管我知道，但我什麼都沒說。
實例分析
句子一：With regard to Futurist poetry,however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be--even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.the case is rather difficult是句子主幹，rather是副詞，相當地，修飾形容詞difficult;with regard to Futurist poetry作狀語，with regard to就...而言;however表明前後對比關系;
for引導原因狀語從句，解釋難的原因，從句為it can hardly be classed as Literature，hardly是否定副詞，幾乎不;在原因狀語從句中，whatever Futurist poetry may be--even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是讓步狀語從句，even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right在句中充當狀語，admitting that後接賓語從句the theory may be right，on which it is based是修飾the theory的定語從句。
參考翻譯：然而就未來主義詩歌而言，情況就很難說了，因為不管未來主義詩歌是什麼--即使承認其理論基礎是正确的--也很難将其歸為文學。
句子二：Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
句子主幹是he ordered that...and asked...to...;Declaring that...現在分詞作狀語，that後接賓語從句;he ordered that後接賓語從句，order後跟虛拟語氣，省略了should;連字符中間的句子作插入語，是although引導的讓步狀語從句;asked是與ordered并列的謂語動詞，用法是ask sb.(experts) to do(report back), chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro過去分詞做定語修飾experts，to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning做狀語。
參考翻譯：他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧技術來克隆人類，并下令不準使用聯邦基金做此類實驗--盡管也沒有人建議這麼做--他還請一個以普林斯頓大學校長哈羅德.夏皮羅為主席的獨立專家組在90天内向白宮彙報關于制定有關克隆人的國家政策的建議。
分析每一個考研英語中的長難句，首先要找出其中的句子主幹是關鍵，就像一棵大樹的主幹，再看其他分支具體是做什麼成分，在分析具體成分時需要對于這些狀語、定語、補語有所了解，真題也是對這些知識的理解與鞏固。
